As I continue my research, I hope to expand on the specific programs, models, and influences that have affected Bilingual Education throughout its formation. Some of the subjects I hope to include, are the following:

Language Mismatch Hypothesis (Self-Fulfilling Prophecy)
Early Exit Model/ Late Exit Model
TELPAS (Testing)
LAS (Level of English Proficiency)
Translanguaging
Biliteracy Con Cariño
Acid-Based
Top-Down/ Bottom-Up
Interest Convergent Theory
Con Respeto
Richard Ruiz
TESOL Model
Extended vs. Extensive
Upward Bound (Edgewood and Harlandale ISD)
Center for Educational Leadership
Alliance for Better Schools

Conclusion & Acknowledgments

This exhibit would not have been possible without the stories, institutions, and people who have shaped bilingual education in San Antonio. By tracing these interconnected histories, from grassroots community efforts to academic innovation and policy change, I hope to honor the legacy of those who fought for linguistic and cultural affirmation in the classroom. Thank you to the educators, advocates, and families who opened doors for generations of learners and to those continuing the work today.

Special thanks to the Trinity University faculty and archives, more specifically Abra Schnur and Dr. Dania Abreu-Torres, as well as Marina Oquendo, Angelina Salinas, local community organizations, and all who shared their time and resources to support this project.

May this exhibit serve not only as a reflection of the past, but also as an invitation to imagine and build more equitable futures in education!

- Ellie Devens
Trinity University
Class of 2027

Further Reading